Agha, S., Zammit, S., Thapar, A., & Langley, K. (2013). Are parental ADHD problems associated with a more severe clinical presentation and greater family adversity in children with ADHD?. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(6), 369-377.
Mulligan, A. A., Anney, R. R., Butler, L. L., O’Regan, M. M., Richardson, T. T., Tulewicz, E. M., & Gill, M. M. (2013). Home environment: association with hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD and their non-ADHD siblings. Child: Care, Health & Development, 39(2), 202-212.
The article discussed the significant association of the home environment with hyperactive/impulsive symptoms found among children with ADHD-CT and non-ADHD siblings. For this study, the authors 96 children with ADHD combined type (ADHD-CT) and their siblings to participate. They also used the parent and teacher Conners’ rating scales to assess the children who with ADHD-CT and the non-ADHD siblings. After the test were completed, home environment was taking into account the middle childhood and early adolescent Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME).
The results revealed that there is an association between HOME and diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder that was present in the children with ADHD-CT. It was also revealed that the home environment can also affect the hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in children with ADHD-CT and non-ADHD siblings to a certain degree. The connection of the home environment to children with ADHD other environmental factors were taken into account. These factors are gender, socio-economic status, pregnancy and prenatal risk factors such as exposure to nicotine, alcohol in utero, birth weight, and gestational age. Some of the psychological factors that were taken into account include the size of the size, severe marital discord, paternal psychopathology, psychiatric disorder tendency of the mother, low socio-economic status and fostered children (Mulligan, 2013). These factors can affect the development of ADHD in children.
Rajendran, K., Rindskopf, D., O’Neill, S., Marks, D. J., Nomura, Y., & Halperin, J. M. (2013). Neuropsychological functioning and severity of ADHD in early childhood: A four-year cross-lagged study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(4), 1179-1188.
This article discussed that there are other factors that can cause the development of ADHD among children aside from simple genetic models, but also include other factors such as pre-natal environment and postnatal environment that can influence brain development which produces the ADHD phenotype. The authors explain how ADHD shows a connection with variability in early cognitive and neural development.
Vitulano, M. L., Fite, P. J., Hopko, D. R., Lochman, J., Wells, K., & Asif, I. (2014). Evaluation of underlying mechanisms in the link between childhood ADHD symptoms and risk for early initiation of substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 816-827.
This objective of the study is to use survival analyses to determine the role of school bonding attitudes, peer rejection, and internalizing problem in relation to the development of the ADHD symptoms that can influence the early initiation of substance use including marijuana, alcohol and tobacco from fourth to ninth grade.
The study revealed that the depressed and anxious children often exhibit a cognitive style that may trigger positive events to external, unstable, and specific factors, with the use of effective interventions that target such kind of cognitive style (Vitulano, et al., 2014). It was later revealed that the ADHD symptoms of those students in fourth grade has a tendency to follow a path to peer rejection in fifth grade that can develop to internalizing problems, including depression and anxiety as the child reaches sixth grade. The authors explained that social problems cause a significant impact on the impairment in children with ADHD in order to create friendships in school since they are usually being rejected by their classmates.
Nikkelen, S. C., Valkenburg, P. M., Huizinga, M., & Bushman, B. J. (2014). Media use and ADHD-related behaviors in children and adolescents:A metaanalysis. Developmental Psychology, 50(9), 2228-2241.
This article explains how the changes that take place in children’s media environment and ADHD diagnosis rates led authors to believe that use of media entertainment have a tendency to influence ADHD-related behaviors (Nikkelen, 2014).
References:
Agha, S., Zammit, S., Thapar, A., & Langley, K. (2013). Are parental ADHD problems associated with a more severe clinical presentation and greater family adversity in
children with ADHD?. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(6), 369-377.
Mulligan, A. A., Anney, R. R., Butler, L. L., O’Regan, M. M., Richardson, T. T.,Tulewicz, E. M., & Gill, M. M. (2013). Home environment: association with hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD and their non-ADHD siblings. Child: Care, Health & Development, 39(2), 202-212.
Nikkelen, S. C., Valkenburg, P. M., Huizinga, M., & Bushman, B. J. (2014). Media use and ADHD-related behaviors in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 50(9), 2228-2241.
Rajendran, K., Rindskopf, D., O’Neill, S., Marks, D. J., Nomura, Y., & Halperin, J. M. (2013). Neuropsychological functioning and severity of ADHD in early childhood:
A four-year cross-lagged study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(4), 1179-1188. Vitulano, M. L., Fite, P. J., Hopko, D. R., Lochman, J., Wells, K., & Asif, I. (2014).
Evaluation of underlying mechanisms in the link between childhood ADHD symptoms and risk for early initiation of substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 816-827.
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